（1）Feeling extreme loneliness can increase an older person's risk of premature （过早的）death by 14 percent，according to research by John Cacioppo，professor of psychology at the University of Chicago．
    （2）Cacioppo and his colleagues' work shows that the impact of loneliness on premature death is nearly as strong as the impact of disadvantaged socioeconomic status，which they found increases the chances of dying early by 19 percent．A 2010 meta-analysis showed that loneliness has twice as much impact on early death as obesity does，he said．
    （3）The researchers looked at dramatic differences in the rate of decline in physical and mental health as people aged．Cacioppo and his colleagues have examined the role of satisfying relationships on older people to develop their resilience （[rɪˈzɪliəns] 快速恢复的能力；适应力），the ability to feel better quickly after something unpleasant，and grow from stresses in life．
    （4）The consequences for health are dramatic，as feeling isolated or separated from others can disturb sleep，elevate blood pressure，increase morning rises in the stress hormone cortisol （['kɔ：tɪsɒl] 皮质醇），change the gene expression in immune cells，increase depression and lower overall subjective well-being，Cacioppo pointed out in a talk， " Rewarding Social Connections Promote Successful Aging．"
    （5）Cacioppo，one of the nation's leading experts on loneliness，said older people can avoid the consequences of loneliness by staying in touch with former co-workers，taking part in family traditions，and sharing good times with family and friends --- all of which give older adults a chance to connect with others about whom they care and who care about them．
    （6）"Retiring to Florida to live in a warmer climate among strangers isn't necessarily a good idea if it means you are disconnected from the people who mean much to you，" said Cacioppo．Population changes make understanding the role of loneliness and health all the more important，he explained． "People have to think about how to protect themselves from depression，low subjective well-being and early death． "
    （7）Although some people are happy to be alone，most people develop from social situations in which they provide mutual support and establish a strong bond．Evolution encourages people to work together to survive and accordingly most people enjoy companionship compared to be alone．
    （8）It is not solitude （独处）or physical isolation itself，but rather the subjective sense of isolation that Cacioppo's work shows to be so destructive．Older people living alone are not necessarily lonely if they remain actively engaged in social life and enjoy the company of those around them．Some aspects of aging，such as blindness and loss of hearing，however，place people at special risk of becoming isolated and lonely，he said．

Passage outline	Supporting details
The main idea	Chances are that older people will die early if they feel extremely （1） lonely lonely ．
（2） Troubles/Problems Troubles/Problems with loneliness	• Like disadvantaged socioeconomic status and obesity，loneliness can （3） cause cause old men's premature death． • When （4） isolated/separated isolated/separated from others，one will find physical health impacted and tend to feel depressive and unhappy．
Suggestions	• Keep in touch with others and take part in （5） social social activities． • Choosing to live in a pleasant climate don't necessarily make sense if the elder are disconnected from people who are （6） important/significant important/significant to them． • Think about how to（7） avoid avoid depression，low subjective well-being and early death． • Work together with others to （8） survive survive ，to gain mutual support and establish a strong bond．
Conclusions	• The sense of isolation，rather than solitude or physical isolation itself，isn't （9） beneficial beneficial to elders． • Living alone doesn't mean loneliness if older people live an （10） active active social life．