1．Sometime last year，Michael Blonder began giving out reusable fabrie bags（布袋）with each purchase instead of disposable plastic bags at A.L.Goodies General Store，the souvenir shop he（1）on Main Street.
   The move，Blonder said，was in anticipation of（预期某事的发生）a ban on plastic bags，（2）the city has not made an effort to do so in more than a decade.
   Eight states around the country have already（3）them.And in neighboring Montgomery County and Washington，D.C.，fees have been levied（征收） to（4） consumers away from using the single-use plastic bags that can（5）their way into nearby waterways，（6） storm drains and getting stuck in tree branches.
   On Monday，Annapolis Alderman Rob Savidge introduced a（7）that would prevent any（8） in the city - who owns grocers，convenience stores and others - from（9） plastic bags at the point of sale.The Annapolis bill also（10）a 20-cent fee for each paper bag that's issued only for（11）businesses - those with a footprint of 20，000 square feet or more.
   Savidge hopes the bill will cut off the public's（12）on plastic bags and help clean up pollution.But a city bill does not become a（13）until more procedures are done.
   A ban is a（n）（14）part of environmental protection，said Rick Kissel，the former vice-chair of the Anne Arundel County Sierra Club.He recommended a delay in placing the ban so customers could（15）.

（1）	A．builds	B．enters	C．visits	D．runs
（2）	A．though	B．until	C．unless	D．after
（3）	A．sold	B．banned	C．reduced	D．produced
（4）	A．introduce	B．announce	C．interview	D．direct
（5）	A．lose	B．find	C．fight	D．wind
（6）	A．making up	B．building up	C．blocking up	D．showing up
（7）	A．bill	B．note	C．letter	D．measure
（8）	A．teachers	B．officers	C．doctors	D．shopkeepers
（9）	A．providing	B．producing	C．recycling	D．employing
（10）	A．looks for	B．calls for	C．makes for	D．hopes for
（11）	A．cleaner	B．private	C．public	D．larger
（12）	A．promise	B．dependence	C．opinion	D．income
（13）	A．notice	B．law	C．information	D．rule
（14）	A．meaningless	B．impossible	C．essential	D．immediate
（15）	A．refuse	B．learn	C．adjust	D．understand

2．    Humans have made the world less friendly to birds in many ways.One obvious example of this can be found in metal spikes（尖刺），or anti-bird spikes in buildings to prevent birds from landing and even nesting.However，a handful of birds have struck back.
    Auke-Florian Hiemstra，a biologist researching animal architecture at the NaturalisBiodiversity Center in Leiden，Netherlands，studies how wild animals use materials made by humans.He has seen nests that include some unusual materials things like plastic flowers and sunglasses.But he was surprised when seeing a picture of a magpie（喜鹊） nest，the top of which had anti-bird spikes.
    Researchers had learned that the smart species，magpies and crows（乌鸦），were stealing anti-bird spikes as a nest-building material.The two species appeared to use the anti-bird spikes in slightly different ways.For the crows，the spikes seemed purely structural，a material used to fashion a solid foundation.But for the magpies，there was an additional layer of intention：They appeared to use the spikes like humans do rounded covering over their nests to keep other birds from landing.
    One recent study reported that nests with man-made materials have been found all over the world and that the man-made materials include all kinds of man-made materials，including knitting needles，candy wrappers，spiky wires，and cigarette ends.Although magpies and crows haven't been documented doing this，other birds have.Scientists aren't sure if birds are using artificial materials because they're better，or simply because they're easy to find.What is noteworthy is that human-made materials in bird nests can cause injuries.For example，anti-bird netting，often placed over garden plots，is known to be dangerous for birds，which often end up being entangled in it.
    For Hiemstra，while the new discoveries are fascinating，he also highlights a broader issue；the unfortunate popularity of anti-bird spikes."It's kind of sad to keep fighting against nature instead of accepting it as part of the city，"he said.

（1）Why was Hiemstra surprised when seeing the photo of a magpie nest？
A.The magpie nest was equipped with metal spikes.
B.Magpies and crows are as intelligent as humans.
C.Magpies and crows cooperated to build the nests.
D.A magpie decorated its nest with plastic flowers.
（2）How do magpies and cows differ from each other in using anti-bird spikes？
A.Crows use them for fashion.
B.Magpies use them for defence.
C.Crows use them to keep off other species.
D.Magpies use them to strengthen the nests.
（3）What does the underline word"entangled"in paragraph 4 mean？
A.Discovered.
B.Frightened.
C.Released.
D.Trapped.
（4）What does Hiemstra intend to do in the last paragraph？
A.Support birds' using man-made materials.
B.Accept anti-bird spikes as part of the city.
C.Disapprove of humans' using anti-bird spikes.
D.Stress the popularity of anti-bird spikes in birds.

3．    Is it true that our brain alone is responsible for human cognition（认知）？What about our body？Is it possible for thought and behaviour to originate from somewhere other than our brain？Psychologys who study Embodied Cognition（EC） ask similar questions .The EC theory suggests our body is also responsible for thinking or problem-solving.More precisely，the mind shapes the body and the body shapes the mind in equal measure.
    If you think about it for a moment，it makes total sense.When you smell something good or hear amusing sounds，certain emotions are awakened.Think about how newborns use their senses to understand the world around them.They don't have emotions so much as needs-they don't feel sad，they're just hungry and need food.Even unborn babies can feel their mothers' heartbeats and this has a calming effect.In the real world，they cry when they're cold and then get hugged.That way，they start to associate being warm with being loved.
    Understandably，theorists have been arguing for years and still disagree on whether the brain is the nerve centre that operates the rest of the body.Older Western philosophers and mainstream language researchers believe this is fact，while EC theorises that the brain and body are working together as an organic supercomputer，processing everything and forming your reactions.
    Further studies have backed up the mind-body interaction.In one experiment，test subjects were asked to judge people after being handed a hot or a cold drink.They all made warm evaluations when their fingertips perceived warmth rather than coolness.And it works the other way too.In another study，subjects' fingertip temperatures were measured after being"included"in or"rejected"from a group task.Those who were included felt physically warmer.
    For further proof，we can look at the metaphors（比喻） that we use without even thinking.A kind and sympathetic person is frequently referred to as one with a soft heart and someone who is very strong and calm in difficult situations is often described as solid as a rock.And this kind of metaphorical use is common across languages.
    Now that you have the knowledge of mind-body interaction，why not use it？If you're having a bad day，a warm cup of tea will give you a flash of pleasure.If you know you're physically cold，warm up before making any interpersonal decisions.

（1）According to the author，what is the significance of EC？
A．It brings us closer to the truth in human cognition.
B．It offers a clearer picture of the shape of human brain.
C．It reveals the major role of the mind in human cognition.
D．It facilitates our understanding of the origin of psychology.
（2）Where does the newborns' understanding of their surroundings start from？
A．Their personal looks.
B．Their mental needs.
C．Their inner emotions.
D．Their physical feelings.
（3）What does the author intend to prove by citing the metaphors in Paragraph 5？
A．Human speech is alive with metaphors.
B．Human senses have effects on thinking.
C．Human language is shaped by visual images.
D．Human emotions are often compared to natural materials.
（4）What is the author's purpose in writing the last paragraph？
A．To deepen the readers' understanding of EC.
B．To encourage the reader to put EC into practice.
C．To guide the reader onto the path to career success.
D．To share with the reader ways to release their emotions.