Do you ever talk to yourself？Although it's not always a conscious habit，most of us practice self-talk on a daily basis，as away of guiding，motivating or supporting ourselves.
   Over the years，research has shown that self-talk can increase productivity，motivation and confidence，and even help manage feelings. "There is solid evidence that self-talk strategies improve learning and performance，" according to sport psychologist Antonis Hatzigeorgiadis，who studies the phenomenon of self-talk.
   He explains that there are generally three reasons why we practice self-talk：to instruct，to motivate or to evaluate.Instructional self-talk happens when we need to guide ourselves through a specific task，such as learning a new skill.Motivational self-talk usually is used when we want to prepare ourselves for something challenging；it can help to increase confidence.Evaluative self-talk mostly is related to past events or actions.
   Hatzigeorgiadis stresses that if we want to use such self-talk to good advantage，it needs to be short，precise and，most of all，consistent.Of course，self-talk also can be ineffective and even detrimental if it's not done right.
   "It is a matter of personal preference or what works for each person；but generally，it is advised that self-talk be positively rather than negatively phrased and focus on what you should do rather than on what you should avoid，" Hatzigeorgiadis says.So，for example，it would be better to say "stay cool" instead of "don't get upset".Although both instructions convey the same meaning，you should use positive words rather than negative ones.In this way you can avoid ill results.
   Another thing that can make a difference when practicing self-talk is the way you address yourself.According to research published in Journal of Personality and Social Psychology，using "you" rather than "I" when talking to yourself tends to be more effective.The researchers explain that when you think of yourself as another person，it allows you to give more objective and useful feedback.

（1）What does the research say about self-talk？

B

B

A．It is a daily habit for everyone.
B．It can make people feel better.
C．It may help strengthen memory.
D．It is always an unconscious behavior.
（2）What can be concluded from Hatzigeorgiadis' explanation？

A

A

A．Self-talk occurs in different situations.
B．Self-talk usually makes one brave.
C．Self-talk arises with various feelings.
D．Self-talk is closely linked with a certain task.
（3）What does the underlined word "detrimental" in paragraph 4 probably mean？

C

C

A．Confusing.
B．Useless.
C．Harmful.
D．Unbearable.
（4）What can be a suitable title for the text？

C

C

A．Self-talk：a close relation to the past .
B．Self-talk：a great way to avoid ill results.
C．Self-talk：a useful tool to benefit our life .
D．Self-talk：a matter of personal preference.