1．In order to help discover spoilage （变质） and reduce food waste for supermarkets and consumers，researchers have developed new low-cost，smart phone-linked，eco-friendly spoilage sensors for meat and fish packaging.
   One in three UK consumers throw away food just because it reaches the use-by date （保存期），but 60% of the £12.5 billion-worth of food we throw away each year is safe to eat.
   The researchers，whose findings were published in ACS Sensors，say the sensors could also eventually replace the use-by date—a widely used indicator of being fresh and eatable.
   The sensors cost two US cents each to make.Known as "paper-based electrical gas sensors （PEGS）"，they detect spoilage gases like ammonia （a poisonous gas with a strong unpleasant smell） in meat and fish products.The information provided by the electronic nose is received by a smart phone，and then you can know whether the food is fresh and safe to eat.
   The Imperial College London researchers who developed PEGS made the sensors by printing carbon electrodes （电极） onto a special type of paper.The materials are eco-friendly and harmless，so they don't damage the environment and are safe to use in food packaging.The sensors，combined with a tiny electronic system，then inform nearby mobile devices，which identify and understand the data about spoilage gases.
   Lead author Dr Firat Guder of Imperial's Department of Bioengineering，said， "Although they're designed to keep us safe，use-by dates can lead to eatable food being thrown away.They don't always reflect its actual freshness.In fact，people often get sick from food-borne diseases due to poor storage，even when an item is within its use-by date."
   "These sensors are cheap enough so we hope to see supermarkets using them within three years.Our goal is to use PEGS in food packaging to reduce unnecessary food waste."
   The authors hope that PEGS could have applications beyond food processing，like sensing chemicals in agriculture，air quality，and detecting disease markers in breath like those involved in kidney disease.

（1）What is the function of PEGS according to the text？
A．To improve the taste of foods.
B．To improve the service of stores.
C．To help supermarkets store foods.
D．To help people test food freshness.
（2）What role does the smartphone play while PEGS are functioning？
A．It acts as an electronic nose.
B．It reads the data collected by PEGS.
C．It helps print the gas sensors onto paper.
D．It discovers the spoilage gases from foods.
（3）What does Dr Firat Guder say about use-by dates？
A．They are not completely reliable.
B．They can help reduce food waste.
C．They are based on scientific research.
D．They are not accepted by the consumers.
（4）What does the author mainly talk about in the text？
A．The process of researching spoilage sensors.
B．A new technology in packaging to reduce food waste.
C．The application of spoilage sensors beyond food processing.
D．The influence of use-by dates on supermarkets and consumers.

2．    Chinese book culture has a long history.Its roots can be traced back thousands of years，to the earliest known. （1） （write） records in China.Over the centuries，books （2） （be） an essential part of Chinese culture，playing a vital role in preserving knowledge and （3） （provide） a source of inspiration for generations.
    The first major development in Chinese book culture was the invention of woodblock printing by Bi Sheng in the 11th century.This revolutionized book production，making it much （4） （easy） to produce and distribute books.During China's Ming Dynasty there was a great booming of books and it （5） （see） the birth of China's best-known book，Journey to the West by Wu Cheng'en，which is still （6） （wide） read and studied today.
    In modern times，new genres such as science fiction and fantasy have grown in （7） （popular） ，while electronic books are becoming increasingly popular.The development of book culture has had a profound impact （8） Chinese society，with many books becoming cultural touchstones and inspiring people to think about their lives and the world around them.
    With its rich history and diverse genres，Chinese book culture provides a window into Chinese society.From ancient classics to modern bestsellers，Chinese books can open up （9） new world of ideas and knowledge for readers around the globe.As such，it is an important part of our collective global culture，and one （10） should be learned more about.

3．    Scientists have recently developed a method to 3 D-print greener buildings using local soil that they say has the potential to revolutionize the construction industry.
    Sarbajit Banerjee，a professor of chemistry and materials science and engineering at Texas A & M University，said 3 D printing was extensively used and allowed them to print entire architectural facades （正面），although getting such structures to meet existing building regulations remained a significant challenge.
    Concrete remains the primary material used in many construction projects but it cannot be recycled and requires a lot of energy to mix and transport.The research team's aim is to print structures using the type of soil that can be found in any garden.
    "While the widespread use of concrete has made housing accessible and enabled the growth of cities，this has come at a considerable environmental cost，" said Banerjee.
    The move to 3 D-print concrete threatens to worsen this problem.However，we imagine a new example of construction that uses naturally sourced materials.Using such materials will further pave the way for building designs that are specifically adapted to the needs of the local climate.
    What's more，the use of local materials would reduce the need to transport concrete long distances，further reducing the environmental impact of the buildings.
    The research team's plan to replace concrete with the earth beneath our feet depends on their ability to improve the soil's ability to stand the weight of the whole house，to which Banerjee said "they are making excellent progress".
    Once they have a clearer idea of the limits of the technology，Banerjee and his team plan to further investigate how it might allow for building on other planets.For instance，they have worked on addressing the problem of building all-weather roads in the subarctic （亚北极区）.They hope the technology could one day be used beyond Earth，to create settlements on the moon or even Mars.

（1）What's the latest development in construction？
A．Recycling concrete.
B．Reducing the construction cost.
C．3 D-printing buildings from local soil.
D．Changing the construction regulations.
（2）Which of the following is NOT an advantage of using naturally sourced materials？
A．It reduces the need of long-distance transportation of concrete.
B．It helps to design buildings adjusted to the local climate.
C．It contributes to the development of housing and cities.
D．It places less burden on the environment.
（3）If people replace concrete with the earth，what main factor needs to be considered？
A．The local climate.
B．The cost of transportation.
C．The environmental footprint.
D．The soil's weight-bearing ability.
（4）What is the last paragraph mainly about？
A．The prospect of further studies.
B．The explorations of the subarctic.
C．The limits of the new technology.
D．The barrier to building on other planets.